Esterase D-Polymorphismus: Darstellung in der hochspannungselektrophorese und mitteilung von allelhäufigkeiten

Zusammenfassung Esterase D-Isoenzyme wurden mit Hilfe der Hochspannungsstärkegel-elektrophorese getrennt. Das Es D-Protein hat eine dimere Struktur und wird von einem autosomalen Genlocus mit bislang 3 entdeckten Allelen kontrolliert. Die Allelhäufigkeiten bei einer 185 Personen umfassenden südwestdeutschen Population betrugen: Es D¹=0,8892, Es D²=0,1081, Es D³=0,0027.

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Esterase D-Polymorphism: Demonstration by high-voltage starch-gel electrophoresis and presentation of allele frequencies

Summary Esterase D (Es D) isoenzymes were separated by means of high-voltage starchgel electrophoresis. The protein has a dimeric structure and is controlled by a single autosomally inherited gene locus with so far 3 detected alleles. The allele frequencies in 185 unrelated individuals from South West Germany are: Es D¹=0.8892, Es D²=0.1081, Es D³=0.0027.

     

Multi-species predator eradication within a predator-proof fence at Ka‘ena Point, Hawai‘i

Ka‘ena Point Natural Area Reserve on O‘ahu hosts one of the largest seabird colonies in the main Hawaiian Islands and supports three species of endangered plants. In order to stop chronic predation by invasive alien mammals on native species, a peninsula-style predator-proof fence was constructed around a 20-ha portion of the reserve in 2011. Multi-species predator removal efforts began upon fence completion; diphacinone poison in bait boxes spaced 25 m apart was used to remove black rats, house mice, and small Indian mongooses. House mice also were removed with multiple-catch live traps spaced 12.5 m apart. Feral cats were removed with padded leg-hold traps. Feral cats and mongooses were eradicated in 1 month, black rats were eradicated in 2.5 months, and house mice were eradicated in about 9 months. Since eradication, incursions of cats and mongoose have been rare (1/7.2 months), but incursion frequency has been higher for black rats (1/56 days) and house mice (1/36–47 days). Buffer predator control was conducted to limit predator access and prevent reinvasion around the fence ends along the shoreline. Even with the high initial fence cost and ongoing predator incursion management, this method is expected to become more cost effective than previous predator control efforts after 16 years. Record numbers of Wedge-tailed shearwaters and Laysan albatrosses have fledged from the reserve after predator eradication, and regeneration of native plants and invertebrates is being observed. With careful planning and persistence, predator fences can be a cost-effective method of protecting natural resources, and multiple species of predators can be eradicated with traps and first-generation anti-coagulents.     

Phylogenetic Exploration of Nosocomial Transmission Chains of 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 among Children Admitted at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital,Cape Town,South Africa in 2011

Traditional modes of investigating influenza nosocomial transmission have entailed a combination of confirmatory molecular diagnostic testing and epidemiological investigation. Common hospital-acquired infections like influenza require a discerning ability to distinguish between viral isolates to accurately identify patient transmission chains. We assessed whether influenza hemagglutinin sequence phylogenies can be used to enrich epidemiological data when investigating the extent of nosocomial transmission over a four-month period within a paediatric Hospital in Cape Town South Africa. Possible transmission chains/channels were initially determined through basic patient admission data combined with Maximum likelihood and time-scaled Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. These analyses suggested that most instances of potential hospital-acquired infections resulted from multiple introductions of Influenza A into the hospital, which included instances where virus hemagglutinin sequences were identical between different patients. Furthermore, a general inability to establish epidemiological transmission linkage of patients/viral isolates implied that identified isolates could have originated from asymptomatic hospital patients, visitors or hospital staff. In contrast, a traditional epidemiological investigation that used no viral phylogenetic analyses, based on patient co-admission into specific wards during a particular time-frame, suggested that multiple hospital acquired infection instances may have stemmed from a limited number of identifiable index viral isolates/patients. This traditional epidemiological analysis by itself could incorrectly suggest linkage between unrelated cases, underestimate the number of unique infections and may overlook the possible diffuse nature of hospital transmission, which was suggested by sequencing data to be caused by multiple unique introductions of influenza A isolates into individual hospital wards. We have demonstrated a functional role for viral sequence data in nosocomial transmission investigation through its ability to enrich traditional, non-molecular observational epidemiological investigation by teasing out possible transmission pathways and working toward more accurately enumerating the number of possible transmission events.     

Diffuse and nonlinear imaging of multiscale vascular parameters for in vivo monitoring of preclinical mammary tumors

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) techniques provide a wide‐field or macro assessment of the functional tumor state and have shown substantial promise for monitoring treatment efficacy in cancer. Conversely, intravital microscopy provides a high‐resolution view of the tumor state and has played a key role in characterizing treatment response in the preclinical setting. There has been little prior work in investigating how the macro and micro spatial scales can be combined to develop a more comprehensive and translational view of treatment response. To address this, a new multiscale preclinical imaging technique called diffuse and nonlinear imaging (DNI) was developed. DNI combines multiphoton microscopy with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to provide multiscale data sets of tumor microvascular architecture coregistered within wide‐field hemodynamic maps. A novel method was developed to match the imaging depths of both modalities by utilizing informed SFDI spatial frequency selection. An in vivo DNI study of murine mammary tumors revealed multiscale relationships between tumor oxygen saturation and microvessel diameter, and tumor oxygen saturation and microvessel length (|Pearson's ρ| ≥ 0.5, P < 0.05). Going forward, DNI will be uniquely enabling for the investigation of multiscale relationships in tumors during treatment.      

A global review and meta-analysis of applications of the freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - The freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has been applied in 35 risk assessment areas in 45 countries across the six inhabited continents (11...     

SAR inspired by aldehyde oxidase (AO) metabolism: Discovery of novel,CNS penetrant tricyclic M4 PAMs

This letter describes progress towards an M₄ PAM preclinical candidate inspired by an unexpected aldehyde oxidase (AO) metabolite of a novel, CNS penetrant thieno[2,3-c]pyridine core to an equipotent, non-CNS penetrant thieno[2,3-c]pyrdin-7(6H)-one core. Medicinal chemistry design efforts yielded two novel tricyclic cores that enhanced M₄ PAM potency, regained CNS penetration, displayed favorable DMPK properties and afforded robust in vivo efficacy in reversing amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats.